Dear Healthcare Practitioners: All orders will be shipped Monday thru Thursday for overnight delivery. For same day shipping, please place your order no later than 1PM PST. At this time, we will not be shipping international orders. For Canadian orders, please contact us about shipping to the US/Canadian border. We apologize for any inconvenience.

Frequently Asked Questions

Frequently Asked Questions

Get answers to your most commonly asked questions about Monarch Labs and our products. If you can’t find what you’re looking for, feel free to contact us.

Product Questions

When the maggots arrive, read the label to make sure that they are for you and not the others in your facility. Remove the packing slip/invoice from the outer box and send it to the person responsible for accounts payable. Open the box carefully, so as not to damage the dressings inside. Remove the dressings and bubble-pack or Styrofoam box, which contains the vial(s) of maggots. Open the bubble-pack or Styrofoam box to check the maggots; this will also provide more air (the vial lid is air-permeable). Inspect the larvae by looking through the vial(s), making sure that the larvae are alive (moving around) and the walls — which may be moist — are without slime. If the maggots appear healthy and active, place them back into the bubble-pack or Styrofoam box, seal them, and store at room temperature until use, ideally within 24 hours. Don’t forget to notify the doctors and nurses that the maggots have arrived. Gentle heat (80-90° F) will speed their development and make them slightly larger. Gentle cooling (45-55° F) will slow their development and prevent them from growing much larger. If the maggots cannot be seen or if they are very slow moving, place the vial in a warm incubator to speed their development, and check again in one and two hours. If they still appear dead or immobile, or if they appear infected (slimy or foul smelling), notify Monarch Labs immediately.

Since the maggots’ natural tendency is to wander off before and after they have finished feeding, they must be kept in place by dressings that allow air to enter, allow liquefied necrotic tissue to drain out, and still keep the maggots securely over the wound. Instructions and a diagram of the dressing procedures can be found in the package inserts.

Our dressings guidance page has detailed information about applying the maggots, including instructional videos.

Clinical Answers

Maggot therapy (also known as maggot debridement therapy [Maggot Therapy], larval therapy, larva therapy, larvae therapy, biodebridement or biosurgery) is a special treatment for wounds in which the therapist places medical grade fly larvae onto a wound, within a special dressing.

Medicinal Maggots™ are used for debriding non-healing necrotic skin and soft tissue wounds, including pressure ulcers, venous stasis ulcers, neuropathic foot ulcers and non-healing traumatic or post surgical-wounds.

A. Efficacy, as demonstrated in several controlled clinical studies.

B. Excellent safety record.

C. Simple enough that non-surgeons can use it to provide thorough debridement when surgery is not available or is not the optimal choice for other medical reasons. This means that it is also possible to provide surgical quality debridement as an outpatient or in the home.

D. Low cost of treatment.

Yes, production and marketing of Medicinal Maggots™ is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration as a prescription only medical device. 

Maggots do not bite. They do not have teeth. They do have modified mandibles called “mouth hooks,” and they have some rough bumps around their body which scratch and poke the dead tissue, one of the mechanisms that debrides the wound. It is similar to a surgeons “rasper,” but on a microscopic scale.

The maggots are so small when applied that they cannot even be felt within the wound. Those patients who already have wound pain before beginning maggot therapy, perhaps due to exposed nerves or other reasons, may have some pain during maggot therapy when the maggots become large enough to be felt crawling over those nerves (usually at about 24 hours). Those patients should be given access to pain medications (analgesics); but if pain medication is inadequate to relieve the discomfort, the maggots can be removed early. Once the dressings are removed, the maggots will crawl out and the pain should cease immediately. If further debridement is necessary, another Maggot Therapy dressing can always be applied later. It should be used only for a brief period, until the patient is uncomfortable.

Medicinal Maggots™ are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a Prescription Only medical device. This means that they must be ordered or prescribed by a licensed medical or veterinary therapist. They cannot be released without a prescription or an order to do so by an appropriately licensed health care provider.

Maggot therapy is simple enough that the procedure can be performed by physicians and veterinarians, nurses and physical therapists, health care assistants . . . sometimes even by patients and their families. Of course, experience and training helps! Whoever applies the maggot dressings should read all packaging and relevant information thoroughly, making sure they understand the procedure, and that they have all of the necessary supplies at hand.

Special training or certification in maggot therapy is not required by law; but is certainly helpful. Definitely read all relevant package inserts before applying the maggots (and preferably before ordering.

Our Maggot Dressings Guidance Page has written, pictorial, and video instructions to help you construct the best maggot dressings. 

 

The closest therapist may be your own! Ask your doctor about maggot therapy. Monarch Labs and many other organizations provide training, in case s/he has never done it before (don’t worry, the maggots know exactly what to do, even if your doctor doesn’t!).

If you still cannot find a therapist near you, call or e-mail us. Monarch Labs is not able to post our clients’ names or contact information, but we can give you a private referral to a few doctors in your area, if it is OK with those doctors. We can also provide your current doctor with a list of therapists to whom s/he can refer you and other patients.

Maggots are confined within a cage-like dressing over the wound for two to three days. The maggots are usually allowed to move freely within that cage, with the wound floor acting as the bottom of the cage (“confinement dressing”). Sometimes, the maggots are contained within a sealed pouch, placed on top of the wound (“containment dressing”). The dressing must be kept air permeable because maggots require oxygen to live. When maggots are satiated, they are larger and seek to leave the site of a wound. The dressing must be secure enough to prevent their escape until the therapist can remove the dressing and dispose of the maggots and dressings properly. Multiple two-day courses (“cycles”) of maggot therapy may be necessary, depending on the severity of the wound and the extent of the necrotic tissue. Therapists can use pre-manufactured dressings.

 

The dose is 5 – 8 larvae per cm2 of wound surface area.

The maggot dressing is removed as soon as the maggots have finished secreting their proteolytic (tissue-dissolving) enzymes (within 48-72 hours). At that time, their natural instinct is to leave the wound and crawl away as quickly as possible. So when the dressing is opened, the maggots will be “at the gate,” eagerly awaiting their release. If any slow growing larvae remain, they can be removed with a simple wipe, wash, or irrigation. If they are hiding within a crevice, simply cover the wound with saline-moistened gauze, and replace it three time/day; the remaining maggots will leave the wound within the next 24 hours (as soon as they feel it is safe), and bury themselves in the gauze. More about dressing removal can be found on our dressings guidance page.

 

The duration of one course (“cycle”) of treatment is 2 – 3 days. The number of treatment cycles depends on the size of the wound and the extent of necrotic tissue. The number of cycles can range from one to ten or more; the average is 3 cycles. Examine the wound after each treatment cycle (and 24 hours later, if possible), to determine if another cycle of treatment is necessary.

 

Maggots are germ-free when applied, but become contaminated when they come into contact with the patient’s wound flora. Maggot Therapy dressings should be handled like all other infectious dressing waste: placed in an appropriate bag and autoclaved or incinerated by the waste management department. Place the maggot dressings in a plastic bag and seal the bag completely. Then place the sealed bag into a second plastic bag and seal completely. Place the bag with the other infectious dressing waste, which should be disposed of (usually it is autoclaved or incinerated) within 24 hours.

 

Unused maggots are germ-free and not a biohazard. They may be discarded in regular trash bins. Make sure the vial is sealed securely so that they cannot escape.

 

There are over 2,000 health care centers in the United States that have utilized maggot therapy.

Yes, over 4,000 therapists are using maggot therapy in more than 30 countries. Approximately 60,000 treatments are applied to wounds each year.

Yes, veterinarians can request Medicinal Maggots™ for use in animals. Several studies and references are listed on our Veterinarian web pages.

Discussion about how to make maggot dressings for animals appears on our equine dressings page, which you can open in the next tab.

Financial Answers

Most private (insurance) and public (Medicare/Medicaid, DVA, etc) health benefits payors will reimburse maggot therapy and the maggots. However, AMA and CMS have not agreed on how to establish a maggot therapy-specific reimbursement code.

Disclaimer: Therapists and their institutions are ultimately responsible for selecting the appropriate billing codes, as dictated by the clinical indication, the procedure and supplies used, and the policies of third party payors.

In 2022, the American Medical Association (AMA) and the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) issued the following coding guidelines (please click HERE for the full article).

Remember: insurance claims are first reviewed by a screener whose job is to eliminate as many claims as possible. If they are unfamiliar with maggot therapy, their preliminary determination may be that maggot therapy is not a covered service. This is usually incorrect, and a thorough appeal will nearly always be accepted, if the treatment was consistent with official (FDA-sanctioned) indications.

Other Answers

No, all larvae are immature, and cannot reproduce until reaching adulthood.

No, the immature larvae are removed after just 2 or 3 days and discarded. If not discarded, it would take 2 or 3 weeks for them to turn into flies. If any maggot escapes without re-capture, then it may be possible for it to hide for a couple weeks, pupate, mature, and emerge as an adult fly several weeks later. Indoors, these flies will generally die before having a chance to reproduce or make larvae of their own.

In the United States, Monarch Labs (www.monarchlabs.com) in Irvine, California, is the exclusive supplier of Medicinal Maggots™ (disinfected Phaenicia sericata larvae) for maggot debridement therapy.

The staff at Monarch Labs is here to help you. 

Contact us via phone, fax, e-mail or snail-mail, if you need additional help.
Also, you can check out our other support pages:

How to Apply Maggot Dressings:

Comprehensive guide to applying maggot dressings.

Frequently Asked Questions:

Answers to common queries.

Links & Community Resources:

Additional information and resources from the broader community.

Published Articles and Studies:

Scientific literature about our methods and products.

Support from the staff at Monarch Labs

Please don't hesitate to reach out with any additional questions.